Edinburgh Castle is a historic fortress which dominates the
skyline of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland from its position on the Castle
Rock. Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since at
least the Iron Age (2nd century AD), although the nature of the early
settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock since at least
the reign of David I in the 12th century, and the site continued to be a royal
residence until the Union of the Crowns in 1603. From the 15th century the
castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century it was principally
used as military barracks with a large garrison. Its importance as a part of
Scotland's national heritage was recognised increasingly from the early 19th
century onwards, and various restoration programmes have been carried out over
the past century and a half. As one of the most important strongholds in the
Kingdom of Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts
from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century to the Jacobite
Rising of 1745. It has been besieged, both successfully and unsuccessfully, on
several occasions.
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